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How does a DTH hammer work?

The down-the-hole hammer is pneumatically driven, and compressed air pushes it forward to impact and break the rock. The reciprocating motion of the piston is controlled by the gas distribution device, and the impact drill bit transfers energy to the drill bit to break the rock. Compressed air also enters the hole through the drill bit (exhaust port) to blow chips and dust out of the hole.

Down-the-hole drilling is a drilling method that uses a drill hammer to repeatedly hit hard rock to break the rock. Down-the-hole drills are pneumatic tools that are powered by driving compressed air to a piston inside the hammer. This type of drilling makes it easier to drill wells quickly and efficiently, allowing contractors to convert from mud drilling to rock drilling by simply adding a compressor and hammer to the drill bit.

Before down-the-hole drilling became a widely used drilling technology, contractors would abandon soil drilling projects after encountering hard rock, leaving it to another team of drillers to continue. With down-the-hole drilling, the same drilling team can drill multiple materials.

At its most basic level, down-the-hole drilling involves attaching a drill hammer to the bottom of the drill string. A small impact hammer is placed above the drill bit, causing the drill pipe to apply the necessary feed force to cause the hammer and drill bit to rotate with the fluid (usually air, water or mud). This starts the hammer and flushes the cut. As the hole gets deeper, drill pipe is added to the drill string.

Because the pneumatic piston strikes the drill bit directly, energy is transferred along the hole, minimizing energy loss. This allows drilling to greater depths.